SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION

Statements are symbolically represented by letters such as p, q, r,...

EXAMPLES
p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”
q = “17 is divisible by 3”

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

CONNECTIVE MEANINGS SYMBOL CALLED
Negation not ~ Tilde
Conjunction and  Hat
Disjunction or  Vel
Conditional if…then…  Arrow
Biconditional if and only if  Double arrow


EXAMPLES
p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”
q = “17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and 17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan or 17 is divisible by 3”
~p = “It is not the case that Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan” or simply “Islamabad is not the capital of Pakistan”